![]() This is the second of two essays exploring James Madison’s thought and importance in American history the first appeared in our Winter 2011 issue.īy the summer of 1788, the states had ratified the Constitution James Madison had conceived and guided through the 1787 Philadelphia Convention, and the following spring the new governmental machinery that the great document devised hummed into motion smoothly-though with a bump for Madison. ![]() Asher Brown Durand, 1833/Collection of the New-York Historical Society, USA/The Bridgeman Art Library International Madison, the last of the Founders, wrote at age 80: “Having outlived so many of my contemporaries, I ought not to forget that I may be thought to have outlived myself.” ![]()
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